Allan Pettersson:
Born 19 Sept. 1911 in Västra Ryd (Sweden).
died 20 December 1980 in Stockholm (Sweden)
First performance:
25 January 1980 in Stockholm by Ida Haendel, conducted by Herbert Blomstedt.
CD recordings:
Ida Haendel (1980)
Isabelle van Keulen (1999)
Ulf Wallin (2018)
In a television interview on the occasion of the premiere of his 2nd Violin Concerto, the Swedish composer Allan Pettersson gave hints about the content of this demanding work, which lasts
about 55 minutes and is unfortunately still too little known. But he also remarked that he did not want to deprive anyone of the opportunity to embark on an adventure of their own in listening.
Pettersson said:
"A man tries to find his inner reality, he flees the outer reality controlled by the image of man - the perfect robot - where the idea of man is erased at the expense of ideologies that
manifest themselves in human murder, fratricide - Cain and Abel again and again. In this nocturnal landscape, where actor and observer are one and the same person, as in the unreality of a dream,
where words cannot be uttered, in this sanctuary in man, a song resounds, played by a violin with a noble tone, bearing the fingerprints of a human being: a lonely being seeking redemption from
the threatening external collective. The cynic calls this escapism, but the little human being, who believes nothing of himself and does not understand fine words, knows alone that danger
threatens him and that there are no words for it. But the idea of man is not his idea - and therefore it is indestructible."
Like Pettersson's symphonies, this violin concerto is an epically expansive, existentially charged and expressive work that is demanding to hear on many levels. Here, someone speaks in his
music of suffering (Pettersson was diagnosed with progressive rheumatoid polyarthritis), of his own depressions and psychological difficulties, but also of the search for redemption and the
efforts to overcome the dark sides of an affluent society.
The entire violin concerto is musically based on an early song that Pettersson poetised and composed in the early days of his composing career:
God walks through meadows,
usually only between thistles.
Kümmerblumen in the meadows,
mostly between thistles:
The Lord's coming and also his going,
mostly between thistles,
The flowers feel it,
that surround him.
Mostly between thistles.
God walks along paths,
Narrow ways, wide ways -
poor brother stands anxious
on the narrow way.
"O Lord, a little sheep ran away from me",
says the good shepherd.
Yes, God takes the poor, takes him from there
onto the broad paths.
The melody of this "Barfotasånger" song runs through the whole violin concerto, indeed the whole concerto develops out of this melody, so to speak, and wanders between "thistles" until the violin
finds its way out of the narrowness of poverty and discrimination onto "the broad paths". One could interpretatively say: traditional religious resources of hope (in the lyrics of the song)
penetrate a secular work of art and temporalise themselves into a 50-minute emotional struggle in an ever more liberating sound event. The concert stands up for the transcendent dignity of the
suffering and oppressed human being.
Pettersson's Violin Concerto goes through a series of very different episodes, which on the whole represents a path of seeking and finding. It can be divided into two large emotional
sections. While conflict, struggle, suppression and resistance prevail in the first part, the emotions calm down in the second part, finding peace and surrender. The following description of the
listening in path episodes freely follows the division into sectional divisions as Anna Kwak has elaborated in "A performer's analysis of Allan Pettersson's Concerto No . 2 for Violin and
Orchestra" (p. 49). The episodes sometimes merge imperceptibly into one another, which is why the approximate duration is given, as are the key figures in the score.
Listen here! (54 Minutes!)
Listening guide through the concerto:
Episode 1 (from Fig. 1, approx. 2 minutes long):
Hidden and quiet in the basses and simultaneously in the orchestral violin, the concerto begins with the first rising typical seconds of the barefoot song. At an extreme pitch, however, the entry
of the solo violin immediately brings a counter-theme moved by syncopations and triplets. Violin and orchestral instruments search for orientation with their opposing melodies. Almost unnoticed,
the tuba first interferes in the string polyphony (with the deeply hidden barefoot song seconds), then the woodwind section and all the brass follow, threateningly condensing the sound world.
Pizzicatos of the basses emerge, the solo violin is increasingly cornered, then finds a rhythmic counter-motif that allows the solo violin to escape for a moment into a lingering high harmonics
fermata.
Episode 2 (from Fig. 5+7, approx. 1 ¼ minutes long):
In double tempo, the figures of the solo violin, the flute and the pizzicati of the orchestral violins bring a motif that comes from the beginning of the Barefoot Song. As if God were now
hurrying across meadows, without being given much space. The violin part is harassed by the sonic force of the unleashed orchestra, until the horns put a striking stop to it.
Episode 3 (from Fig. 10+6, approx. 3 ¼ minutes long):
In response to the horns' call, the violin tries to reintroduce its triplet-swinging counter-motif. But a tuba motif rhythmically imposing itself from below revives the orchestral sound masses.
The collective begins to dominate, and all attempts by the violin to assert itself are doomed to failure. After a brief languor, cutting trumpet and drum interjections recall attacks of pain. The
violin responds to this with the repeated second steps of the barefoot song on several pitches, but to no avail. The attacks follow all the more violently. The violin tries wildly to defend
itself, its playing on the G side sounds plaintive, a kind of fate motif can be heard briefly in the orchestra.
Episode 4 (from Fig. 20+8, approx. 5 ¼ minutes long):
Almost inaudible in the agitated sound event, the violin brings the complete first verse of the melody of the Barefoot Song on its G side for the first time. Wind motifs in bassoons and horns as
well as drum beats destroy the continuation of the song. After an almost haunting mood (fast piccolo runs and drum rhythms), fast almost liberating runs in woodwinds and violin bring some relief
and relaxation. The violin begins to sing again, but does not penetrate. From the depths, the bass tuba is heard twice intoning the opening motif of the barefoot song. Again the violin searches
for its melody in wild figurations, a motif of fate briefly appears in the background, and the violin, in all confusion, finds its high countermelody of the beginning again for a moment, but
different rhythmic impulses prevent (like thistles in the text of the song!) any blossoming of the violin. Again and again, violent surges in the orchestra. The violin and its motifs have no
chance against the irregular rhythms and clusters of sound in the orchestra, but at least the violin holds its own.
Episode 5 (from Fig. 36+4, approx. 2 minutes long):
Unexpectedly, the violin then stands briefly in the bright light of high string accompaniment. A lone trombone rises in three-second steps, horns answer with a downward motif. The calm is only
brief, however, as the oppressive masses of sound gather again. The excitement is also transferred to the violin, which then sinks, exhausted by high dissonances, to a lonely note on the G side.
But it cannot assert itself with its intense melody on the G side against the orchestra's many-rhythmic sound density.
Episode 6 (from Fig. 41, approx. 5 ¼ minutes long):
A new run-up by the violin leads to a melodious motif in the woodwinds, which is taken over and spun on by the violin on the G side. This briefly brings melodic peace to the violin, even though
the orchestra's garish woodwind runs and humming basses counteract it hectically. The violin goes its own individual way, but is repeatedly disturbed. A fierce intervention of the brass and
string quarter rhythms push their way forward. Now the violin is also infected by the hustle and bustle, the sound becomes louder, once again the violin begins to sing, but a slowly more and more
dominating upward striding of the brass leads to a brief eruption. The violin reacts with high interjections, woodwind figures interfere, the violin is driven up to a lonely height by the
insistently advancing orchestra, and suddenly left all alone, it seeks a way back from its extreme height slowly down to the G side.
Episode 7 (from Fig. 56+2, approx. 6 ½ minutes long):
An episode follows, at the beginning full of nervousness and stress in the solo violin and woodwinds. This nervousness increases, becomes louder. Brass join in until brutal blows from the
orchestra (first the drum, then string pizzicatos, dark pointed brass blasts and thumping percussion) increase the aggression.
When the violin has regained some space, its countermelody with the triplet becomes briefly audible, but a little later the violin is again almost completely covered by the masses of sound, while
motifs derived from the Barefoot Song again take part in the confusion. Timpani beats. One special moment stands out briefly: a rhythmically highly concise motif in the horns announces itself
several times, the violin plays against it. After a drum beat, the brass are silent for a moment; solo violin and strings dialogue melodiously with the woodwinds. Only when an upbeat motif begins
to assert itself in the violin and orchestra are the timpani and brass also back. But the violin begins a kind of individual cadenza, and is suddenly left all alone with its heavy triple stops.
Episode 8 (from Fig. 76 +2, approx. 6 minutes long):
Dark clarinet and bassoons set in. Extreme leaps of the solo violin and woodwind melos stand against each other. More and more, a specific rhythm asserts itself in the violin, the tuba steps
downwards determining everything. The violin searches for its melody, trying it out upwards and downwards. The brass instruments reappear and dominate the progress of the sound with their
motifs. At least the violin uses brief moments of calm to develop its melodic motifs further, in defiance of the oppressive environment. Now and then there is an attempt at dialogue, especially
between the violin and the woodwinds, but again and again the brass pushes forward. Nevertheless, the dialogue between the woodwinds and the solo violin conquers more and more space. Thus, after
the full orchestra shows off, there is a fine interplay between the solo violin figures and the flute/oboe melody. The tuba enters solo and plays a chant-like melody in the lowest register with
echoes of the Barefoot Song. Violin figurations accompany a melody played by flute, piccolo and orchestral violins in a high register. Short halt.
Episode 9 (from Fig. 93+1, approx. 9 ½ minutes long):
An oboe emerges with a melodic motif and introduces a calmer episode for the first time with its blossoming melody. The violin simultaneously plays a peaceful countermelody on its G string. The
orchestra and drum still want to rhythmically stop this melodic blossoming. But the solo flute continues the melody, counterpointed by the violin's countermelody on the low string. Introduced and
underpinned by a rolling bassoon figure and high woodwind chords, solo violins and a solo from the orchestral violins take over countermelodies. Quiet string rhythms accompany. Again the
flute takes over one of the two melodies. The solo violin comes more and more to the fore with its long melody. A light mood develops, "thistles" and brass disturbances are pushed back. Cellos
join in and sing along. The winds, and then the orchestra, withdraw until only a polyphonic solo string quintet remains. The solo violin begins a light, gently swaying simple song above it.
Finally, the violin finds time and space to unfold. Only after some time do the string tutti and finally the trombones discreetly rejoin, gently, almost chorally underlining this song. High flute
chords transfigure the mood, the tuba also joins in solemnly, and finally a full chorus of winds joins in solemnly, as if everything had been overcome.
But a timpani motif disturbs the solemn mood, insistently reminding us of the past. Briefly, the mood threatens to collapse again, narrowness, but the violin - supported by a high flute solo -
keeps up its singing and finally leads to the song of the Barefoot Song, which has been announced for some time and is now played simply in solemn E major.
Episode 10 (from Fig. 116+10, approx. 4 ½ minutes:
"Herren går på ängen, Mest ibland tistlar..." the violin sings out. A flute solo answers, melodiously reminiscent of triplet motifs that recurred throughout the work. The violin sings the
complete song verse. The oboe takes over the flute countermelody, cellos and then the bassoons answer again with the beginning of the barefoot song and lead it to a fermata.
Quietly, the flute now plays the barefoot song. The violin continues to improvise. Again, a disturbingly insistent motif is heard in the trombones and tuba, but the singing mood in the violins
and woodwinds continues solemnly. A quiet solo in the viola with the song may remind us that Pettersson played the viola in the orchestra. When drums and horns interfere disruptively and tuba and
trombone try to interrupt the singing in insistently threatening steps, the mood threatens to topple once more.
Episode 11 (from Fig. 126+8, approx. 11 minutes):
To startled syncopations of the violin, the horns now take over the song theme, albeit distorted. In addition, the tube comes again with its threatening downward steps. Rhythmic orchestral
interjections again summon the threatening masses of sound, which increase more and more until they suddenly exhaust themselves on a long high string and flute fermata.
A recitative by the solo violin follows and asserts itself against the final disturbances. It manages to return to the redeeming E major of the Barefoot Song melody. Light flute accompaniment and
a sonorous singing of the strings, naturally led by the solo violin, which sings itself out and rises to the highest registers. Bass pizzicati, trombones, bassoon figures and the drum, formerly
disruptive, now accompany the melody with liberated rhythms. Dancing elements in the orchestra, especially in the flutes, join in. A bright singing of the violin, then the strings also enter in
full tutti sound with the song melody, the winds follow. The solo violin feels carried and sings its individual and manifold unfolding melodies with freedom. Freed and carried by the orchestra,
the violin finally surrenders - almost somewhat abruptly - to an open ending.