Georg Philipp Telemann
born 24 March 1681 in Magdeburg
died 25 June 1767 in Hamburg
Dates of composition:
Violin Concerto in G major TWV 51:G8:
before 1717, probably in Eisenach or Frankfurt.
Violin Concerto in B flat major TWV 51:B1 "Pisendel Concerto":
in Dresden 1719
Overture Concerto for violin, strings and basso continuo TWV 55:D14:
in copies from Dresden (Pisendel) between 1712-20 and from Darmstadt 1730 (Graupner)
CD
Elizabeth Wallfisch, 2002 - 2009
Pisendel Concerto only:
Pramsohler 2011
Sinkovsky 2016
The following three violin concertos by Georg Philipp Telemann (1681 - 1767) document not only their own originality but also the imaginative variety of formal possibilities of Telemann's violin concertos. More than 20 quite different violin concertos by him have survived, as well as overture concertos with important violin solos that are oriented towards the suite form instead of the concerto three movement form. Musically, too, Telemann mixed German, Italian and French styles. That Telemann did not warm to the Italian style is attested to by a quotation from his autobiography, where he writes: "that in most of the concertos / that came to my sight / I did indeed encounter many swells and crooked leaps / but little harmony and even worse melody / of which I hated the first / because they were uncomfortable for my hand and bow / and / for lack of the latter characteristics / as to which my ear was accustomed by the French musiques / could neither love them nor like to imitate them."
Still knitted entirely in the Italian style of Albinoni and Vivaldi, this concerto, which lasts barely 7 minutes, surprises with its vital outer movements and a tender and touching pianissimo middle movement. Whether it was written for Telemann himself, who was a violinist and mastered many other instruments, or for the Eisenach violinist Pantaleon Hebenstreit, cannot be proven. In the third movement, the themes are said to be based on Polish dance movements; Telemann got to know and appreciate Polish music at the court of Sorau, one of his first employments at the court there.
Listen here:
I. Allegro
II. Andante
III. Allegro
An ascending and descending G major ritornello theme begins in full string tutti (including solo violin, which joins in), reinforced by two oboes. The violin begins unspectacularly with the same theme, but spins it further - interrupted by orchestral interjections - to a transition marked by syncopation, which leads to the briefly appearing ritornello theme in A major. The violin decorates with sixteenth-note figurations until the entire repetition of the tutti ritornello returns, but this time in D major. The next violin solo entry brings a new rhythmically driving motif that dissolves into wild semiquavers. The next tutti again brings the ritornello theme in A major, with corresponding virtuoso figurations, accompanied by syncopations from the oboes. Then G major is reached again, orchestra and violin with new even more effective double-stop ornaments take turns, then the orchestral ritornello concludes the movement.
Quietly, the whole orchestra introduces a simple melodic theme in three answering parts. Then the violin enters a fifth higher with the same theme, but develops it further through touchingly beautiful sighing figures and harmonically floating cantilenas. In between, an oboe (or flute, depending on the interpretation) briefly joins in, leading to the second solo part, which gives the violin a good opportunity to sing itself out.
With emphatic verve, the full orchestra plunges into a Polish dance, crashing down into empty G strings at the end. The violin follows with energetic momentum and propulsive, rapid sixteenths. From G major it goes to D major, always in the same propulsive wild tempo, until a shadow falls over the whole, but then, in ritornello fashion, the G major dance follows again, then a final violin solo and an ending that also brings back the empty G strings and comes almost a little too quickly. This would be an opportunity to hear the short concerto again right away.
Telemann was primarily interested in melody and its place in a composition and disapproved of the exaggerated virtuosity of the Italian concerto style. He preferred the French style with its subdued and elegant melodic structure. Thus we find a number of his concertos in four-movement form (slow-fast-slow-fast), in contrast to the Italian three-movement style (fast-slow-fast). This is also the case in this concerto, which Telemann composed for the violinist Johann Georg Pisendel during a visit to Dresden in 1719, in which he mixes Italian verve with French melodicism, thus advancing the German galant style (also called "mixed taste") and anticipating the age of Empfindsamkeit.
Listen here:
The concerto begins very melodiously with a slow movement in the tutti of the whole orchestra, whereby individual short motifs of the melody quickly emerge, which are also immediately taken over by the solo violin. Enjoyable music-making unfolds from the many facets of the opening melody, alternating between violin and orchestral tutti. The solo violin then begins its next entry with a particularly gallant, dance-like motif of suggestion, which in turn transitions into free recollections of the opening melody in the orchestra and violin solo. An octave lower, the motif appears again, now somewhat darker, and then leads slightly haltingly to the end of the movement.
After this rather French-influenced melodious opening movement, an energetic, twice-repeated motif with Italian temperament takes the lead. It is immediately continued in Italian violin figurations and shapes the ritornello theme until its conclusion. With a phrase of its own, the violin enters and ascends, repeats this phrase and lets it fade out in a wide span. Then immediately comes the energetic opening motif again, now in the dominant F major, followed by variations of the violin figurations of the opening theme. With imaginative runs and varied, fast figures, the violin then leads to the renewed ritornello theme, this time in G major, and then leaves the transition to the B flat major recapitulation to the solo violin. The orchestra and solo violin build to a brilliant Vivace conclusion.
Pianissimo, a finely woven tapestry of sound is laid out in which violins and violas play duols against triplets. The violin then sings a ravishingly beautiful aria, making this movement unforgettable. Even though the movement only lasts a good 2 minutes, one could listen to the beautiful melody of the solo violin for a very long time...
An immediately stirring Allegro ritornello with imitative melodic elements opens this moving movement. The limping of the violas is particularly original. The solo part immediately allows the violin to shine and leads in a large arc to the C major repetition of the ritornello. The violin's second solo, repeatedly interrupted by the interjection of the tutti strings, increases the brilliance of the violin figures, culminating in a virtuoso D minor passage and thus preparing the recapitulation in B flat major. The ritornello appears once more in the most imaginative imitations of its self-reference and the violin skilfully adds its virtuoso interjections, so that the increase in expression must almost necessarily lead to the conclusion.
Telemann composed around 600 overtures, as he also called his orchestral suites, of which 137 have survived. Of these, 137 have survived, obviously a favourite genre which he preferred to the Italian concerto form and which gave him the opportunity to try out a variety of musical styles, dances and melodies. In some overtures, however, he nevertheless allows soloists to appear, as in the D major overture concerto, or as the Telemann scholar Steven Zohn calls it: concert en ouverture. The violin part is so demanding, after all, that Pisendel also played this solo part himself. Pisendel also made a copy of this overture concerto in D major, the autograph of which, as is often the case with Telemann, is lost.
Listen here:
With a low G along with a suggestion in the bass and the response of the other strings, this overture immediately commands our attention. Following the French suite of a Lully or Couperin,
Telemann opens his "Concert en ouverture" in slowly advancing, dotted crotchets.
In the middle section, the first violins polyphonically start a kind of fast fugue, the second violins and the bass follow and form a kind of ritornello tutti. Only now does the solo violin
appear, brilliantly displaying itself in hurried sixteenth-note runs and imaginative figurations. Five slightly altered ritornello tutti and four solo sections alternate as in an Italian solo
concerto.
The repetition of the slow opening section subtly varies the beginning, for now the bass lags behind the string choir. Slow and solemn, yet not ponderous, the overture progresses towards the
conclusion.
The sequence of dance movements that now follows opens a badinage. Badinage means fun, banter and is characterised by a fast two-beat rhythm. Loosely dallying and somewhat from "above", the string ensemble brings a jocular dance melody. Only in the middle section of the movement does the solo violin enter and play itself to the fore with long chains of triplets. Only when everyone has had enough as far as triplets are concerned is the dallying first badinage part repeated.
A fast round dance follows, with a melodious orchestral theme and relatively plain violin solos alternating rondo-like with the orchestral tutti.
Minuet I is confusing because of its special dance rhythm. The strong bar part is weakened by the accent of a long note on the two weaker bar parts, as if the dancers were to be disturbed or, on
the contrary, called upon to concentrate fully.
In Minuet II, the solo violin leaps up and down to the front of the dancers. The basses step back and listen in silence to all that the soloist has to offer.
The string orchestra advances in the typical sarabande rhythm. Particularly exciting are the harmonic variations that the string choir follows in its solemn dance. This is where close listening is a benefit.
In contrast to the previous leisurely harmonic string movement, a wild caprice "alla breve" now breaks in. Not only the particularly striking orchestral trills are capricious, but also the variations in the solo violin's playing. Over a string carpet in the last solo, the solo violin invents its own "capricious" theme. But then - barely two minutes have passed - there is an end to these caprices.
A dance-like, swinging Gigue forms the conclusion of this overture concerto, as is often the case with suites. After the string tutti has introduced the gigue theme, the solo violin is given another opportunity to introduce its own motifs and its joy of playing. Then there is enough dancing, even though Telemann's overtures did not tend to be performed for dancing at the time, but were presented in their own concert occasions at court or in cities such as Leipzig, Frankfurt or Hamburg - the places where Telemann worked.